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Unfortunately, I have not any literatute on failure mechanism in sapphire tubes. I think this question connected with thermoelastisity of the sapphire crystals. Prof. V.L. Indenbom (Institute of Crystallography Academy of Sciences of USSR) have studied the same problems. Please, find him scientific works at 60-70 years in journal “Crystallography” and other. And I recommend to read the book “Ruby and Sapphire” “Nauka” about 1970. All authors are from Institute of Crystallography. It is all what I can say you.